Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino

My rating: 3 of 5 stars


The Venetian explorer Marco Polo met Kublai Khan, the first emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China, in the 1270’s. Kublai Khan was impressed with Marco Polo and made him foreign emissary, after which Marco Polo traveled throughout his empire for years. Italo Calvino‘s quirkly 1972 novel Invisible Cities imagines Marco Polo’s descriptions of the cities he finds and the conversations between the two during their meetings.

Marco Polo’s descriptions of the different cities are fanciful and wildly imaginative. Many of them touch on the themes of how cities change and remake themselves. For example, in Maurilia, the traveler is invited to examine old post cards that show the city as it used to be while they stand in the identical spaces. They are constantly expected to praise the magnificence of the new metropolis while acknowledging that it couldn’t compensate for a certain lost grace. Another of my favorite cities was Fedora, which has at its center a metal building with a crystal globe in each room with a model of Fedora as people imagined at the time it could ideally develop. In the speculative descriptions of all these imaginary cities, this novel reminded me of Einstein’s Dreams (which came later, in 1992), in which Einstein dreams of difference conceptions of time.

The cities are divided into different categories: Cities & Memory, Cities & Desire, Thin Cities, etc. They’re also numbered within these groups. The order in which the categories appear seemed random to me when I was reading it, but on doing some research, I found that Calvino followed a mathematical pattern, designing the book as a geometric shape that the reader can approach in different ways–for example, by reading all the cities in each category together.

While clever, I don’t think this overall design adds anything to the novel, and it potentially detracts. There are key conversations near the end between Marco Polo and Kublai Khan that give insight into the existential questions Calvino is getting at. Reading these earlier would give away the game, so while the city descriptions may be read out of order, I don’t think the conversations should be, which to me undercuts this “mathematical” scheme.

Invisible Cities doesn’t reach the wildly inventive heights of Cosmicomics and didn’t resonate emotionally with me like the wonderful If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler. But it’s creative and thought-provoking. In the end, it’s not clear to either the readers or the characters what is real and what isn’t, a common theme in Calvino’s work.

This is a thoughtful read overall. It’s also short and can be picked up, put down, read out of order, and come back to later. It’s worth checking out if you like existential and experimental novels.

David Copperfield by Charles Dickens

My rating: 5 of 5 stars


After reading Barbara Kingsolver‘s Demon Copperhead, I felt the need to revisit the book it was based on, Charles Dickens‘ David Copperfield. I’d first read it during or soon after college, and it’s stood in my mind ever since as one of my favorite novels. It has lovable characters, an expansive plot, and social commentary delivered with a sugar coating.

Reading it again 35+ years later, I found it just as wonderful as the first time. Despite all the trauma David is subjected to as he strives to become the hero of his own life (as he puts it in the first sentence), this manages to be a cozy, comforting read. It’s a tale of optimism, friendship, and love in the face of adversity. Unlike Kingsolver in her play on this story, Dickens never loses his main character in outrage at his circumstances.

Some people see Dickens’ characters as little more than caricatures, but I don’t think that’s true. In our high-pressure society, with TVs and phones and computers fighting for our attention, we’re constantly filing off our rough edges for others. These were different times, when people didn’t follow their favorite celebrities’ every habit. Many lived in isolation and developed particular quirks and habits that Dickens was very attuned to. I’m not sure he exaggerated all that much.

That said, this sprawling, expansive novel doesn’t stand out for its realism. One thing that particularly jars is David’s angelic first love, which is ridiculously over the top, and then too easily resolved. But the intricate plot is excellent overall, and you meet numerous wonderful characters along the way, like Betsy Trotwood, Wilkins Micawber, and Mr. Dick. So while it may not be a perfect novel, it’s still one of the greats for me.